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Parkes received his early education at village schools in the neighbourhood. Owing to the misfortunes of his parents he was compelled to earn his own living as a child of eight. Yet by assiduous self-culture in after years Parkes became one of the most widely read of Australian public men, and a devoted lover of English literature. In very early manhood Parkes migrated from Stoneleigh to Birmingham, where he was apprenticed, and became an ivory turner.

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The father of the bride, a well-to-do man, promptly disowned her. They married without any provision for their wedded life except the work they could obtain from day to day, and went back from Edgbaston to live in the little room at Birmingham where she had lodged when alone' An Emigrant's Home Letters, p. After losing two children and passing through many hardships, Parkes and his wife went to London preparatory to emigrating to Australia.

They remained in the metropolis, suffering much privation, from November to March , when they sailed as 'bounty emigrants' to Sydney, arriving on 25 July The young wife gave birth to a child a few days before landing, and they reached Sydney without a friend to greet them or a letter of introduction to 'unlock a door. Parkes's first experiences in Australia were disappointing.

Finding nothing better, I accepted service as a farm labourer at 30 l. Under this engagement I worked for six months on the Regentsville estate of Sir John Jamison, about thirty-six miles from Sydney, assisting to wash sheep in the Nepean, joining the reapers in the wheat field, and performing other manual labour on the property' Fifty Years of Australian History , p.

Returning to Sydney, Parkes found various humble employments: he worked in an ironmonger's store, and then in an iron foundry, and was for a while a tide-waiter in the customs. At last he fell back on his own trade and opened a shop as an ivory and bone turner, adding the sale of toys and fancy goods. In this historic shop in Hunter Street began Parkes's career as a public man.

Here he was wont to write amatory verses for the 'Atlas,' edited by Robert Lowe afterwards Viscount Sherbrooke [q.